Dalya Alberge, Arts Correspondent
The man, the films, those blondes. Free DVD collection starting this Sunday
A stash of explicit pornography to which Franz Kafka subscribed has emerged for the first time after being studiously ignored by scholars anxious to preserve the iconic writer's saintly image.
Having stumbled by chance across copies in the British Library in London and the Bodleian in Oxford while doing unrelated research, James Hawes, the academic and Kafka expert, reveals some of this erotic material in Excavating Kafka, to be published this month. His book seeks to explode important myths surrounding the literary icon, a "quasi-saintly" image which hardly fits with the dark and shocking pictures contained in these banned journals.
Their additional significance is that the publisher, Dr Franz Blei, was also the man who first published Kafka in 1908 - a series of miniature stories later gathered in his book Meditation.
Hawes, an Oxford graduate and university lecturer, emphasises his total admiration for the literary Kafkaesque genius who wrote brooding classics such as The Metamorphosis, The Castle and The Trial, and argues that these discoveries merely show Kafka as more human than the popular image. He believes that "suppressing" them detracts from sensible assessment of his work, and has even led to nonsensical evaluation.
Even today, the pornography would be "on the top shelf", Dr Hawes said, noting that his American publisher did not want him to publish it at first. "These are not naughty postcards from the beach. They are undoubtedly porn, pure and simple. Some of it is quite dark, with animals committing fellatio and girl-on-girl action... It's quite unpleasant."
"Academics have pretended it did not exist," Dr Hawes said. “The Kafka industry doesn’t want to know such things about its idol."
He added: "Perhaps Kafka's biographers simply don't like the idea that their literary idol was helped out in this... way in the vital early stages of his career... Of the world's authors, only Shakespeare generates more PhDs, more biographies, more coffee-table books... Everything Kafka wrote, every postcard he ever sent, every page of his diary... is regarded as a potential Ark of the Covenant... Yet no-one has ever shown his readers Kafka's porn."
The journals' title - The Amethyst/Opals - reveal nothing about their contents, but Kafka kept his collection locked at his parent's house where he lived, taking the key with him when he went on holiday.
Perhaps he feared his father Hermann. But the obsession with a supposed brutal father and with being a Jew, are two other myths which Dr Hawes challenges. Hermann, a conventional Jewish businessman and ex- sergeant-major in the Hapsburg army, was probably "a father of his time", may indeed have been stern, but Dr Hawes - who is also senior lecturer in creative writing at Oxford Brookes University - argues that Kafka admits that he "hardly if ever actually hit" him. He also let him study what he wanted, live at home rent-free for years, when Kafka earned handsomely, and come and go "as he pleased".
As to the myth that Kafka's works are based on his experiences as a Jew in Prague, and that Kafka somehow predicted the Holocaust, Dr Hawes acknowledges that Kafka was very much aware of being Jewish. But "there is zero actual Jewishness" and no Jewish characters or scenes in his work. He was immersed in German culture.
Dr Hawes's biography also challenges the enduring popular portrait of Kafka as a tortured and lonely figure, neglected in his own lifetime, stuck in a dead-end job and struggling to write. The true Kafka could not have been more different, he said, describing him as a popular and well-paid state lawyer whose writing was supported by a prominent literary clique. It was only towards the end of his short life in 1917 that TB was diagnosed, and his poverty only occurred near the end due to economic collapse after the 1914-18 War.
Commenting on the book's discoveries, Ritchie Robertson, a professor of German at Oxford University and author of Kafka: A Very Short Introduction, said he was unaware of any academic actually looking at the pornography pictures, let alone reproducing them for biographies, even though they knew of his subscrition to Amethyst/Opals.
He added: "The many myths about Kafka circulating among the semi-informed public... do include the idea of Kafka as a kind of saint, originally propagated by his friend Max Brod. So it's salutary to assemble evidence that he was human."
Kafka's interest in pornography, which left traces in such works as The Metamorphosis, matters if it makes us look at any of Kafka's fiction in a new way, he said: "Kafka had a strongly visual imagination, and the importance of the visual arts for him hasn't yet been fully explored."
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It´s not the porn offending me, but the moral judge. It needs to be published.
Krister Landberg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Debunking the debunker! I like that. Very gratifying. In a good way.
anthony, New Zealand,
These old shady figures of today elevate people like Kafka, Bacon, to the hype and height of a human "more human than human". For two reasons, in order to create such a myth as for entertainment/enjoyment, and to create the industry surrounding him to generate a steady income for themselves.
Jack Meyhoffer, Praha,
Fascinating how conservatives are so committed to maintaining an image of the past as a world more saintly and ethical than today's. Their ability to lie to themselves in the pursuit of this fiction remains the single greatest obstacle to the realization of a truly "better world".
Gary Williams, Kamloops, Canada
The 'Kafka industry'?
Now THAT'S Kafkaesque!!
Janice Gray, Playas del Coco, Costa Rica
"emphasises his total admiration for the literary Kafkaesque genius" - Kafka was Kafkaesque? You learn something new every day.
Dave R, Bristol,
This only increases my love for Franz Kafka. I first discovered his writing in 1982, when I was 11. By age 14, I just *knew* Kafka had some seriously twisted sexual proclivities- and I was still a virgin! His writing excited me, though, and I couldn't have explained why if asked...
White Female, Londonderry, NH, USA
Anyone who finds Kafka's pornography shocking and perverse clearly has not understood a thing he wrote.
Tim, Xalgary, Canada
So he read porn, so what? He was a human being. They do that. I think you'll find a lot of academics do too, them being human too an' all. What is the matter with people.
I tell you I think? I think they protest too much. :)
Phil South, Frome, UK
what is the big surprise? has anyone ever given a moment's thought to the animalistic sex scenes in kafka? how these beings fall to devour each other? adorno noted that kafkaesque sex was the norm of the modern age, disapprovingly.
michael roloff, seattle , usa
This might come as a shock to some, but most guys look at porn, lots of porn.
Karl, Philadelphia,
I already knew.... kafka's porn wasn't a mistery
John Smith, London,
Why are all these academics in a tizzy?
Do you think there haven't been artists who work with nudes and haven't at times been all horny about it?
Or is it only us, the lowly audience who make clear distinctions between things like art, erotica and pron?
It's Life baby!
Dig It!
Paul, durham, ontario
Do these people understand how popular pornography is and always has been?
I would think it would be more atypical if a guy like Kafka didn't have a stash or porn.
And why are you trying to control his image?
That's so dishonest, judgemental and immature.
Why the Fear?
Paul, durham, ontario
I don't understand why the image of Kafka is changed by this. We've learned before he went in brothels and other entries in his diary are almost unambiguously sexual.
The news already published isn't so astonishing and I don't think the pics should be published. Let the dead have some privacy.
Algon, Zagreb, Croatia
Is it only me who finds Mr. H's equation of "animal fellatio" and lesbian sex quite disturbing? I know those pictures - with the same right you could say that Ovids Metamorphosis was harcore animal porn. I am rather interested in the numerous porn IN Kafkas writing.
Tina, Cologne,Germany
Tina Pusse, Cologne, Germany
Contrary to popular belief, knowing almost everything about anybody is no longer a question of debatable ethics, but undeniable reality. It's the end of privacy as we know it. Lament is futile, considerate adaption is vital.
Helmut Koch, Graz, Austria
Comparing Kafka's explorations into his sexual fantasies and fears to pornography through his drawing, seems peurile and shallow in the extreme! Read Ernst Pawel' superb biography of Kafka, "The Nightmare of Reason", to understand how extraordinary these drawings are, akin to his writing.
Rosie Houldsworth, Chipping Norton, England
Kafka is a saint. And saints are humans. It`s just easier to hate a human so to cover our deficiancy.
Anton, Sofia, Bulgaria
kafka's pornography? read the descriptions of the woman in fur in the 2nd paragraph of "the metamorphosis." the sexualized way in which she is described, her physical dominance over gregor, her residing in the gold gilt frame he spent days making... k's porn stash is intereresting, but not shocking.
Jennifer, Barnard, VT, USA
90% and more of young people use and enjoy porn. Describing porn as "nauseating" is far stretched.
Sneve, Jakarta, Indonesia
Porn is nauseating, no matter who reads it. And in Kafkas time, it was not widely accessible,. It was a more normal, safer world back then, naive as that may sound. Kafka was a disturbed person, and that was the key to his originality. It is a greater achievement to be original, yet a whole person.
Fosse, Oslo, Norway
We have become worse than the Victorians ever were! (And I say that as a scholar of Victorian lit.) The combination of prurient invasion of privacy and hypocritical condemnation is more revolting than any pornography could ever be. Everyone has private fantasies, some are weird. So what?
Carol Siegel, Portland, USA
I love Kafka, and I would definitely pay to read his porn, especially if it's dark and unpleasant. I really hope that this material will be widely released in my lifetime.
Jenna, Tampa,
I don't see what the massive deal here is. As far as some of the material being quite dark, Kafka seemed to be a guy with some pretty dark places anyway. His sexuality wouldn't likely be much different. "Nothing but a pervert" is, I think, inaccurate and unfair.
Laura, Some,
Kafka wrote a load of overrated cobblers. That he was one of the worlds first porno pervs just shows how the academic world of literature is led by the emporers new clothes. It is about time someone dismantled all these great early icons of literature & show'd them to be all human beings not gods.
kevin, Lincoln, UK
Kafka might have been a great Author of his time, but now it has been found that he was nothing but a pervert. For Edwins information, millions if not billions) of normal people do not indulge in porn, a small minority do as they can not get their kicks any other way.
Stone, Enger, Germany
To call them "journals" makes them sound like smutty self-penned diaries. 'Amethyst' (1905-6) and 'The Opals' were two different small-press erotic literary magazines, published by subscription by Hans von Weber. Kafka's friend Franz Blei was simply the editor, not the publisher.
Bert Hardy, Stone, UK
I think it's a wonderful find. It gives us a view into another facet of his life, making ever more human. The Kafka industry shouldn't call itself so if they choose to admire only slices of him that suit their judgement. It would be disrespectful- and bad academia-- to ignore part of who he was.
Julia, london, uk
Having read much Kafka, whilst I would be genuinely intrigued to see it, and whilst the type of porn might shed some new light on this unique and gifted man, I cant help thinking that it will be about as usefull in illuminating his great works, as the discovery of one one of his turds.
Lucas Tatek, Herts., uk
Perhaps this says more about us and our preocupations than it does about the great man himself?
Lucas Tatek, Herts., uk
Never heard of Kafka. That's how famous he his/was !
John Fisher, Edinburgh,
Has Woody Allen offered for it yet?
T. J. Cassidy, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.
Let's not slag this academic off. This is an interesting and significant find. It could change our perception of Kafka's influences, could even change the way we interpret his work, his imagery, his use of metaphor.
And whatever else this is, it isn't intrusive. Dead people don't need privacy.
Joe, Leeds,
Dead or alive, this is a gross invasion of a man's privacy.
mick, Cork, Ireland
I don't mind. In my opinion Franz Kafka is one of the greatest novelists of all times and I do belive if one wants to be a writer, wil try all different genders to start with.
Vaclav, Prague, Czech Republic
Good Grief, how pointless.
I hope I never get to be famous and have the cultural cockroaches pick over every tiny morsel of my life, I don't doubt that some respected researcher is, as I type, combing the space between his floorboards looking for discarded toenail clippings
Richard DP, Hastings,
As Kafka's will had ordered all his unpublished work to be burnt, it's fair to say he would not have approved of most of his literature becoming public knowledge, let alone his jazz mags.
Paul, Taunton, UK
I quite agree with Samantha. Daniel,France
Daniel, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
Why should there be any trepidation about revealing Kafka's porn stash? I've indulged in porn from time to time in my life, like millions (if not billions) of other people. It doesn't define me. I'm sure there is more to Kafka than porn, and that his reputation will survive.
Edwin , Salt Lake City, USA
Is it really necessary to go over a person's life with a magnifying glass in order to reveal things he might have wanted to kept hidden? Contrary to popular belief, we don't have the right to know everything about our idols. Would Kafka himself have approved of this becoming public knowledge?
Samantha, Peterborough, UK
Anything that gives a better insight into one of the twentieth century's greatest writers should be welcomed.
Ian, Frederick, USA
So what!
scott, dublin, ireland
As long as the pictures are not of colossal copulating cockroaches, what's the big Trial about?
Edo, Dordrecht, The Netherlands