Roger Boyes in Warsaw
Download 'Too Hot', an exclusive Specials track from iTunes

One by one the unshaven Polish officers are hauled into a cellar and shot in the back of their heads by Soviet officers. The wall opposite is spattered with blood and chunks of brain.
You need a strong stomach to watch Andrzej Wajda’s new film, Katyn: the execution scene lasts 20 minutes and the audience at the Atlantic Cinema in Warsaw stayed silently in their seats long after the screen went blank.
More than 200,000 Poles saw the film in the first weekend after its release. Now, a fortnight later, it is playing to full houses.
“I’m really shocked,” said Agnieszka Bendkowska, an architecture student, outside the cinema. “It shows that the Russians are as bad as the Germans.”
Her use of the present tense was significant: the film about the notorious 1940 Soviet massacre of more than 15,000 officers is feeding into an already bitter election campaign in which Germans and Russians are being demonised by politicians scrambling for attention.
Wajda did not want it this way — the veteran director had pleaded to keep the film, the massacre and wartime history out of the campaign. “I don’t want the death of my father, and the deaths of thousands of Polish officers exterminated in the Soviet Union, to be exploited,” he said.
But the Kaczynski twins, who as President and Prime Minister have set Poland on an ultranationalist course, are trying to shape a new Polish patriotism that defines itself in opposition to its neighbours. And so the gritty film has become politically hot.
Poland faces a general election on October 21 because the right-wing government coalition led by Jaroslaw Kaczynski, the Prime Minister, collapsed after fierce infighting between the coalition partners. Polish voters will be looking for political stability.
Before polling day the Prime Minister has to convince Poles that his Law and Justice party offers the country more security than any other grouping. That means a campaign against communist old-boy networks, a ruthless use of information gleaned from secret police files, support for the US missile shield and a fierce, terrier-like defence of Polish sovereignty.
Lech Kaczynski, the President, though not up for election, travelled to Berlin yesterday for talks with Angela Merkel, the German Chancellor. Though the agenda was tame — technically about the forthcoming European Union summit — many observers reckon that he was looking for an opportunity to pick a new voter-mobilising row with Germany.
Certainly there is no shortage of flashpoints, such as those Germans expelled from Poland after the war who are trying to reclaim estates there. Pawel Zalewski, chairman of the parliamentary and foreign affairs committee and an ally of the Prime Minister, made it plain that Warsaw was going to press Mrs Merkel hard to distance herself in writing from such claims.
If such claims were even considered by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg “they would throw into question the results of the Second World War”, he said. “Why hasn’t this issue been solved?” The German Government has, in fact, publicly stated that it does not support the claims, but Poland wants more. “We want Germany to state formally that these claims are not justified.”
It does indeed seem that the Poland of the Kaczynskis is determined to mop up all the unfinished business of the Second World War. In the midst of an EU argument about voting rights, the Kaczynskis enraged the Germans by saying that the Polish population would have been substantially larger had the Nazis not murdered so many people. Germany therefore had a moral duty to give ground. Lech Kaczynski has argued, too, for extra German reparations for the destruction of Warsaw.
The brothers use the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 as a reference point for their relations with Germany and Russia: their parents fought in the bloody insurgency and, as children, they grew up playing in the postwar rubble of the city. While the Nazis set the Polish capital alight in 1944, the Red Army sat passively on the other side of the Vistula river. Many historians believe that Stalin was effectively allowing the Germans to wipe out a future Polish political class that could have resisted a Communist takeover.
The Katyn killings, too, have become a metaphor for Poland’s troubled relationship with Berlin and Moscow. In September 1939 Poland was crushed between the armies of Hitler and Stalin. From the occupied east of Poland, Soviet commissars deported hundreds of thousands to Siberia. Some of the captured officers and intellectuals, held in three Soviet camps at Kozelsk, Starobilsk and Ostashkov, were offered a role in an army that was to fight alongside the Red Army. But 15,000 were deemed unsuitable and murdered. It was an astonishing crime — Poland and the Soviet Union were not even at war.
For decades Moscow lied about the massacre, blaming it on the Nazis. The Germans had stumbled on the graves when they invaded the Soviet Union and duly made propaganda out of it.
Between 1945 and 1989 it was forbidden for Poles to suggest even that their relatives had been slaughtered on Soviet territory in 1940. Even now the Russians are withholding information from the Poles about the identity of the killers.
A deep suspicion about German and Russian intentions runs through all parties apart from the so-called Left and Democratic party, led by Aleksander Kwasniewski, the former President. This grouping, with a large ex-communist component, is committed to improving relations with both of the big neighbours.
Its foreign policy credibility took a knock, however, when Mr Kwasniewski was spotted drunk while delivering a lecture in Ukraine recently. The incident reminded voters that as President he had also been drunk while visiting the graves of murdered officers at a site near Katyn.
For outsiders, the link between wartime martyrdom and present-day politics may seem far-fetched. But it is part of the daily rhetoric and contains a serious message.
Radek Sikorski, who used to be Defence Minister in a Law and Justice-led government, compared the building of a gas pipeline between Russia and Germany with the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact that fragmented Poland. His point was that an EU and Nato ally, Germany, was deliberately going over the heads of the Poles to deal with President Putin to guarantee its own energy security. Although Mr Sikorski has joined the opposition Civic Platform, his views have not changed and are in line with the thinking of his new party.
Katyn thus fits into the popular mood. An imprisoned officer in the film says: “We will be slaves under the Germans, and slaves under the Russians — what’s the difference?”
Well, in modern Europe, there naturally is a difference. But election campaigning deliberately blurs it.
Donald Tusk, the head of the moderately conservative Civic Platform, has been campaigning for émigré votes in Britain and Ireland but decided not to meet Mrs Merkel. Quite simply, a Polish politician loses votes if he even smiles at a German or a Russian.
Yet part of this extraordinary tension at the heart of Europe has its roots in the EU itself. “Before EU entry-pressure could be put on Poland to conform but now that we are in, the Kaczynskis can speak their thoughts out loud,” said Alexander Smolar, of the Stefan Batory Foundation think-tank. Another politician, on the Left, says: “It can’t be that Poland is accused of being anti-European every time it refuses to obey German orders or questions Russian policy.”
Whoever wins the Polish election next weekend will have to help to formulate EU policy towards the new post-Putin Russia. Although Mrs Merkel grumbles about Russian human rights and the British Government has stood firm on the Litvinenko case, only Poland has really been highlighting the potential dangers in the east. Russia is embarking on a huge rearmament programme as well as a response to the US missile shield that could destabilise Eastern Europe. And President Putin has shown that he is prepared to use energy exports as a foreign policy weapon.
Maybe the EU should be listening more carefully to the political discourse in Poland. Behind the sabrerattling and wartime martyrology, the Poles are identifying a real problem: the emergence of a restless Russia with a newly enriched and empowered military class ready to flex its muscles in the EU borderlands.
Polling figures
30 million voters
460 seats up for grabs
22 number of seats Kaczynski's party has over main opposition
4% lead for Kaczynski's party in latest opinion polls
20 polling booths in London
Source: Agencies

Win a luxury weekend to Newcastle and its neighbour Gateshead, find out more here
Risk, resilience and embracing new technology
Industry sectors news at a glance. Interactive heatmap, video and podcast
Discover the power of collective thinking. Submit a solution and be in with a chance to win a Media Hub Home Entertainment System
The inside track on current trends in the charity, not for profit and social enterprise sectors
Everything the Business Traveller needs to know to make a better trip
Make the most of the summer and enter our fabulous photographic competition, you could win a £5000 holiday
Corsica is an island of beauty and contrast, an ideal holiday destination
Enjoy further reading from Travel to Fashion, Business to Sport, discover more
Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles
The clever way to lease a new car is with Car leasing made simple™
2009
per month on 36-month
Personal Contract Hire (PCH)
2008
42850
Car Insurance
£24,250 - £30,346
MI5
London
£60,000
The Environment Agency
Bristol
Up to £90K
Boots
Midlands
OTE £85k
Credit Protection Association
Nationwide Opportunities
Completely London
Luxury Condo's in Manhattan with NYC views
The best new homes in Wimbledon?
Nationwide
Fabulous Cruise And Cruise & Stay Offers Including Virgin Atlantic Flights Prices Start From Only £699pp!
Last Minute Cruise And Cruise & Stay Offers. Med From £499pp, Caribbean From £699pp!
5 star quality at a 3 star price.
8 fabulous Canadian cities ...you won’t find cheaper
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times, or place your advertisement.
Times Online Services: Dating | Jobs | Property Search | Used Cars | Holidays | Births, Marriages, Deaths | Subscriptions | E-paper
News International associated websites: Globrix Property Search | Property Finder | Milkround
Copyright 2009 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
My mom was born in territory that belonged to Germans in 1944 and became Polish lands. Her grandfather had 3 mills, estates and houses. First the Russians came and overran them. Since he was nice to the Polish workers, they warned him, and in January 1945, 20 degrees below zero, they tied my mom (age 1) her sister (age 2), her other sister (age 3) to a wagon and escaped. After the Soviets finished pillaging & plundering, they divided the German/Polish territory between them. If you were on NOW Russian territory, you were kicked out by Russians, if you were NOW on Polish territory, you were kicked out by Polish people. After being robbed, of course. 10 million German women from age 8 to 98 were raped. My parents went to Poland last year and the mills are still there. I can see not giving them back, but you should be able to buy them back. Otherwise don't join the EU!!! As far as I can see from Canada, the EU belongs together for financial reasons.
Elke, Vancouver, Canada, BC
I'm sorry to say this, but it is my firm belief that the Polish hate anyone who is not Polish in their country, not just Germans and Russians.
I am English and have been trying to live peacefully here for 3 years without much success, I have experienced everything from open hatred and jealousy, to lies, rumours, criticism and ridicule from Poland.
My advice is, if you're not Polish, don't try to live in Poland!
The people have a lot of bitterness, hatred, anger and mistrust for everyone!
Elliott Cassin, Poznan, Poland
Historia Magista Vitae.
Know your history or you shall be doomed to repeat it.
National character is not a figment of the imagination. The Poles know very well the character of their neighbors. Despite the German's claim that they are reformed they still make deals with the Russians to the detriment of their supposed allies in both the EU and NATO- the Poles. These are things we cannot help but place in a larger historical context. I wish Poland did not have to join the EU. But flanked between Russia and Germany what choice does it have? It is doomed to hard decisions, but that does not mean that it should allow itself to be conformed to the image of the rest of Europe.
Patriot, America,
Discovery of Katyn slaughter on Polish officers
- please note, in that time they are still a bit
abandoned and left alone, but lawful allies
of France and England, was never properly
reflected by the western historians.
One of the possible reasons is that soviet
Russia and now comrade Putin are refusing
historians access to the archives and even
the film is based more on Red Cross and
third-party reports that source files.
Now, you claim Polish roots Evan
and even some degree in history...
Stop talking rubbish then.
Persecuted Jews... where, in 1930's Poland?
Please be more specific telling these stories
more likely about members of the terrorist
and de-legalised Communist Party of Poland,
mostly of the Jewish-origin I agree...
and imprisoned in Bereza Kartuska.
But even in this case nobody got mass-executed.
(...)
Martin, Bedford, UK
two things: as a result of the Soviet invasion of 17 September 1939 - Poland and the Soviet Union were at war. A point lost on the British War Cabinet
After 1935 until the Spring of 1939 - Poland was very close to Germany and persecuted Jews and other minorities including the Ukrainians in Polish occupied Ukraine. It is about time that history was taught properly in Poland and not nationalist nonsense. I have Polish in-laws and a degree in Polish history but I am English. At times it is better to be an observer. Quite simply until Poland addresses its own historical legacy it can have very little to say in modern Europe especially the question of Polish anti-Semitism - an on-going problem which nearly all Poles deny but so many people have witnessed and continue to witness
Evan , Leeds,
I am gutted,
Germany tried so much since 1945 to get good and friendly relationships with its neighbours. We boosted Polands application for EU and NATO membership and Germany disclaimed for our former eastern areas years ago! We allways apollogised for war crimes and took account for them.( You cannot say this about the Allies of WWII. Their war crimes have never been condemned ) There is existing a contract with poland, that assures Oder- Neisse borderline for good. So I think too, that some politicians in Poland try to win elections by fueling fears and hate. But do those leaders think it will be profitable for Poland to damage relationships with its neighbours on purpose? Poland benefits much from EU! Adverseness against todays Germany is unfounded and destructive to the development of our both countries economy. I say this because I hope that Poland will soon become a net contributor to the EU budget just like the UK, Netherlands, Germany, ec.
Alexander, Frankfurt, Germany
I suppose by these standards Mr. Boyes would consider any British or American film about WWII as catering to 'nationalists'.
Marcin, Warsaw, Poland
wayne - I agree with your statement. After Britain and France declared war on Germany a fortnight later the Sovietunion invaded the eastern half of Poland not being invaded by German troops. This didn`t cause the same reaction because I think both countries hadn`t been interested in a war with the Sovietunion. I the peace of Versailles after ww1 wasn`t really accepted by both sides. For most of the Germans it was not acceptable because they thought they wh not defeat and the French and British politicians would have liked an unconditioned surrender of Germany as after ww2, which was the continuation of ww1.
The polish writers should mention that the claims of some Germans who lost their properties in the country now belonging to Poland are not the claims of the German government. The German government cannot stop them going to courts although the German goverment doesn`t support those people.
Gerhard Huebenett, Leidersbach, Germany
I grew up in the USA and even though I considered myself a wwll expert it took marrying a woman from Poland who lived through 9/11/39, saw Auscwitz first hand and lived accross from a starvation whole in the Warsaw ghetto to even get a small glimpse of the horror of wwII. I can't imagine in my wildest dreams that the people of Poland would want to join the EU that would include Germany and the new Arab Europe.
I think Poland would be better off forming a new Eastern EU with Poland, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, etc. that could form a new alliance with the USA.
Tom, Naples, FL.
tom , naples, USA
Last year European Parlament refused to commemorate with 1 minute silence at the anniversary of KatyÅ Massacre. It was Polish MP who asked for this. But they were wrong. The Europe commemorate with silence for 65 years.
wojciech, Szczecin, Poland
There are four issues to deal with in this article
a) the title which is misleading
The film does not exploit hatred, rather it exposes people to something most of them knew nothing about. Rzeczpospolita (newspaper) presented stats prior to the film which showed that only 40% of the Polish population knew about Katyn and of that only 60% knew the Soviets had committed the massacre. Thus the audience, which had either been taught lies or taught nothing about what had happened to an entire educated generation (yes educated Polish women were sent to the Gulags, while the wives of officers and the intelligentsia were sent to settle Kazachstan and many died there).
Of course these people are now going through an emotionally wrenching awakening an anger over what occured.
b) the schedule for the election and the opening of the film
the election occuring in the fall had been discussed since the spring. Perhaps Mr. Wajda could have delayed the film opening.
(am attaching response
Bielanska, New York, USA
"History belongs to the winners." Not any more.
Andrew Milner, Karuizawa, Nagano
By now Poland feel efects of Warld War Two, while UK, USA, France, Spain, and other countries from Western Europe forgot it. That is a reason, why Poles react to Russian German cooperation. I am sure if Poland achieve a success, the way how we see present Europe will change. However, we never allow to loose our history.
Marcin, Warsaw, Poland
Well, the movie is telin only truth and even though it's not likeable by some parties it has nothing to do with ultranationalist course. What's more, it's not Polish side who is trying to denied results of WWII, but German since they stated that Poland is responsible for so-called "banishments" of German people from their rightfully owned estates. If author would be as kind as to check a bit bout history of WWII, he would reckon that it was Soviet Union who had the responsibility for that expulsion and would kindly mention about expulsion of many Polish citizens by German invaders; moreover German government didn't retort from Erika Steinbach organisation claims and though the statement was given it didn't stop leadin German politicians from going to foremention organistion gatherings.
Finally, it's really hard to forgive when murderers are trying to change history and make victims of themselves instead.
Snuffles, Warsaw,
Although the author has made very bad choice of the title the overall conclusion of the article is well crafted, correct and in sync with Polish perception.
Atom, Tampa, FL, USA
Beniaminek - self pity is very undignified you know. I do not supose for one moment that you spare a thought for Ukraine, which was subjugated by Casimir The Great of Poland in the 14th C and then carved-up By the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Union of Lublin. Polish interference in Ukraine, particularly in religious affairs, has caused untold misery over the years and created a schism between East & West Ukraine that lasts to this day.
Nick, Tbilisi, Georgia
I sympethise with Polish because their past is bitter and ugly, and everyone should learn from it, even more Russia that seems to be sliding into it's past even more now days.
Scoder, London,
Russians, Germans - what a noncense! Grow up and call the sides by their names as they were called while it was all happening: Nazi ans Soviet troops. Current generations are not to blame and it is a pity to see that the blame game goes on forever.
Janek K, London, UK
Jews don't forget the exodus from 1940-45, we should just do the same, why one's expect us we forget about exodus of our best citizens killed like animals. Iit WAS a masacre. It's not about the policy, it's about the truth and justice and memory. We need good relations nowadays, both with Ruusia, Germany UE, USA and so on I agree. We ask just for a little respect.
Matthew, Bogucin Maly, PL
Yeah Richard it was quite a long time ago. But as you can see the Germans can forgot what they did during 2WorldWar but still remember the estate they left in Poland.
Swede, Westmoreland, PA
Really, this was quite a long time ago. It helps noone to keep going over this tragic part of history, and certainly does not help the image of Poland to the rest of Europe. If Israel and Germany can move on, surely Poland can. And also with respect to Russia, 10s of millions of russians died during the war and under Stalin. They have moved on too. Stop being ridiculous
Richard, York, UK
It is difficult for Americans or British to understand the reactions of Poles to Germany or Russia as neither country has been invaded by foreign forces for centuries. When there paople alive who can remember vividly the oppression of invaders and their brutality Poland will always be wary of both Russia and Germany - and who can blame them. We should listen to Poland as these people know at first hand what the Russians are capable of. Russia is already flexing its muscles in Ukriane. Chechnya, Georgia etc and propping up a corrupt regime in Belarus. What next?
Eastern traveller, lincoln, UK
It's just so hard for Poland and no one realises it. Everytime you look at our history there's always something that went wrong when something else went right. Poland defeats germany and the soviets kill 15,000 of us which was untouched for so many years. Who's to blame? the uk? france? russia? germany? We pretty much can't trust anyone its just so hard for us
Beniaminek, Krakow, Poland
It is hard to understand why the Poles like the US, agreeing to renditions and this silly missile busness, when it was Roosevelt that sold them out to the Russians at the end of World War Two.
He was going behind Chirchill`s back, meeting up with Stalin, when the three of them should have been meeting together.
margie, Wodonga, australia
when germany invaded poland in 1939 the uk declard war on germany why did the not do the same when the ussr did so france and the uk are to blame to for this mess anybody see this to in there finst momant was a dark spot so where do you or why is poland so nervous i dont blame them look at there ailies
wayne , ocala , fla