Charles Bremner in Paris
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An unusual warning has been added to a Paris exhibition that has shocked some visitors and media, despite the absence of sex, violence or religion.
The photographic show has caused offence by depicting the French capital in the Second World War as a sunny place, where people enjoyed life alongside their Nazi occupiers.
Bertrand Delanoë, the Mayor, ordered a notice, in French and English, to be handed out at the door of the municipal exhibition of colour photographs that have stirred ghosts that Paris preferred to forget. The 270 never-published pictures avoid the “reality of occupation and its tragic aspects”, says the warning.
In the French collective memory, early 1940s Paris was a black-and-white hell of hunger, Nazi round-ups, humiliation and resistance. Films and books have in recent decades modified the cliché. The breathtaking colour series by André Zucca, a French photographer, show as never before a gay Paris that got on with life without great hardship.
Well-dressed citizens shop on the boulevards and stroll in the parks; young people crowd nightclubs; bikini-clad women bathe in the fashionable Deligny pool. The terraces of familiar cafés are crowded and commuters with briefcases march into the Métro.
The differences are the absent traffic, the Wehrmacht uniforms and red swastikas hanging from the grandest facades. In one sinister picture – taken in the street beside the gallery – an old woman wears a yellow Star of David, the insignia that Jews were forced to display. According to critics, the organisers at the Paris Historical Library neglected to make it clear that Zucca, a respected prewar photographer, was working for the German propaganda machine.
Pierre Assouline, a writer, said in Le Monde: “In the shadows of these same streets, they were dying of hunger and cold. Raids and torture were taking place. Here we see only relaxation, joie de vivre, the nonchalance of a kind of happiness.” Christophe Girard, the deputy mayor in charge of culture, said that he found the exhibition “em-barrassing, ambiguous and poorly explained”.
Jean Derens, the director of the library, rejected the criticism, saying that everyone knew the photographer was a collaborator: “If there is a visitor who is unaware of the nature of the occupation, it’s sad, but that does not mean that everything has to be reexplained every time.” He said that the critics were not content with his leaflet, which states: “Zucca portrays a casual, even carefree Paris. He has opted for a vision that does not show . . . the queues . . . the rounding-up of Jews, posters announcing executions.” The library praises the skill of Zucca, “who played on colours like an aesthete” and chronicled the occupation privately, using rare Agfacolor film supplied by the Wehrmacht. The sunny aspect of the photos stemmed from the need to shoot the early colour film in bright light, it adds.
The exhibition reminds viewers that Paris was relatively comfortable under the Nazis because Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s propaganda chief, decreed that the capital should be “animated and gay” to show off the “new Europe”. Theatres and cinemas were kept busy; Edith Piaf sang, and Herbert von Karajan conducted.
The collection, restored to the original colour with digital techniques, was bought by the city from Zucca’s family in 1985. The photographer was arrested after the 1944 liberation but never prosecuted. He worked until his death in 1976 under an assumed name as a wedding photographer west of Paris.
— The exhibition is open every day except Mondays, 11am to 7pm, at the Bibliotheque Historique de la Ville de Paris.
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As a photographer, all I do for photojournalism stuff is hang around in the background and watch people,looking for the most truthful pictures so show the general sense of the scenes. This guy shouldn't be blamed for recording the problems of politics above him. They're good
Lucy, England,
Will,
it s true that the french surrended. but it s certainly not to prtotect the beauty of our buildings, France have never totaly recover form the "victory" of the first world war, during the all war battle have take place in the soil of France and France regard to her population have had the most killed. Finally France have fight during one month and more than 400 000 soldiers have been killed in this time, do they were surrender? we have lost the war and french society wasn t ready to accept the same sacrifice as the first one.
England and Usa can t understand the trauma that was and still is the war in the french psyche. And i think it s not fair to say what america or england will have done if they were in this position. nobodies knows what can have happen.
remy, liverpool,
Thank you for that,Al Kohler in Berlin,Germany. And what's the paricular fantasy you are hiding behind-that the Nazis only wanted to spread harmony and light?
VJ, London, UK
England didn't stand alone; "Britain and her Empire" did.
Not only were the Scots, Welsh, Irish from the north etc. involved, so were Australians, Indians (including what we now know as Pakistanis and Bangladeshis), South Africans, Kenyans, Canadians, Trinidadians, etc., etc., etc.
John Peters, Swansea,
Thanks for the Kudos, Will in the US, but it is impossible to make such a simplistic judgement against the french. 330, 000 troops were evacuated from Dunkirk of which 140,000 were French. These guys did not just sit out the war, to say the least.
England had not been invaded for a thousand years and there is a reason for that. The French had the facist Spanish behind them and the Nazis in front, Mussolini off to the side and long coastline. Very difficult to defend. Practical decisions had to be made fast.
The french resistance took huge risks and in 1944 held up many Panzer divisions in the run up to D Day, which saved a huge number of allied lives in Normandy and brought massive retribution down on themselves.
Alex, London,
Why in the world would the French be upset with mere photographs that simply depict life as it was? Have the photographs been retouched? Altered? Photoshoped? If the French of today have a problem with life as it was, they must direct their questions inward.
Bob Evans, Anaheim, California
The mere fact that a former collaborator, Maurice Papon, who had sent Jewish children to nazi death camps, became part of the Gaullist government in the 60s epitomizes the Resistance mythology. Resistants were a brave minority.
HECTOR VIGO, Paris,
As much as it might be enjoyable for Brits to observe the past failures of our allies from the saddle of an extremely high horse, it is important to remember what the Nazi regime was based upon. That was fear - fear of informers, fear of being snatched away upon being identified as an enemy of the occupier and fear of reprisals against one's family for an individuals supposed actions. I would imagine those shown in the photos are smiling because, while it all might look well, the undercurrents of life in occupied Paris were terrifying.
Chris, Portsmouth,
Al,
The facts speak for themselves. Londoners, their army defeated on the continent, rallied and defied the Nazi blitzkrieg that killed thousands, despite the fact that victory was far from certain. The French, with the largest Army in Europe, surrendered after their humiliating setbacks to protect the beauty of their buildings. Kudos to the English, who did stand alone steadfastly and saved democracy in Europe.
Will, New York, United States
As the economy fails and unemployment rises we will see the same attitude here...I suppose they will ask,why are the peasants revolting... !!!
Hugh E Torrance, London, England
Strange really ...a few color pictures and the entire piece takes on collaborationist overtones...I wonder how Londoners would have been if they had'nt had 25 miles of rough sea and and entire Empire behind them as they stood "alone". The fantasies we hide behind are truly stunning.
Al Kohler, Berlin, Germany
No matter what, Paris in those days was a much better place than Warsaw or Pragha. As to the "resistance" it never represented more than 1% of the population. Most people, as these amzing pictures show, went about their lives as best they could and were essentially busy making ends meet. My mother who lived in the countryside during the war years only saw ONE german soldier. A poor soul on a bicycle going from farm to farm trying to buy eggs and potatoes...
Richard, Paris, France
Incredible photos, although we should be cautious about regarding them as any sort of definitive record of the French attitude to the Nazi occupation. As in any occupied country, in amongst the activities of collaborators and the Resistance, most of the population would have simply tried to make the best of things.
There is also a wider point here too - since the war ended, many countries have been keen to indicate their revulsion at the Nazi regime (particularly after the Nuremberg trials), but during the war the same countries were all too willing to embrace some of the worst aspects of Nazism. Virtually every European country took the opportunity to send some of its Jewish population to the death camps between 1942 and 1944 - including France and even Britain (Channel Islands), and most prominently Hungary. I think only Denmark refused to do so.
So any pictures which show Parisiens enjoying themselves in the sun are a very small - although fascinating - part of the picture.
Roy Pinney, Weston Super Mare,
Hmmm. Wouldn't Europe have been a different place if we hadn't gone and stopped the Nazi's/Germans.
vic k, sheffield, uk
Wow, this is incredible. I am used to the black and white pictures like everyone else. I know that this event was not good, but those pictures were incredible.
Bryan, Houston, USA