Gerard Baker
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The news that a man named Mr Bean is to be the next Deputy Governor of the Bank of England might, to the baffled observer, provide some useful context to the central bank's apparently eccentric behaviour in recent weeks.
I should quickly point out that there is nothing to suggest that Charlie Bean, the cerebral economics professor and accomplished policymaker who is stepping up at the Bank, is in any way related to Rowan Atkinson's well-intentioned comic bungler.
But the mixed messages coming from the Bank of late have suggested a way with communications more in keeping with the latter's beaming ineptitude than the former's disciplined clarity.
Until a couple of weeks ago it looked very likely, from the words of Mervyn King, the Bank's Governor, and his colleagues, that the next move in interest rates would be down. The Bank had cut rates three times in six months, but the slowdown in the economy seemed to be getting worse: house prices were falling faster, consumer confidence was plummeting and the financial system was still extemely fragile. Most economists were forecasting a period of prolonged weakness at best, an outright slump at worst.
Then things changed. A couple of bad numbers and inflation was now the big threat - and that would require higher rates. Markets duly adjusted and priced in the likelihood of an increase later this year.
On Tuesday, as official data showed inflation to be even worse than feared, the Governor issued his obligatory open letter to the chancellor. But the much anticipated warning about future rate increases didn't come. Instead, in an unusually mild tone, Mr King said that while inflation would remain high for several months, it was set to come down again next year.
Markets again responded and took away the rate increase they had been expecting for the past week. Then, on Wednesday night, Mr King was at it again, this time telling bankers in his annual Mansion House speech that inflation was, in fact, the big danger. What's going on?
The Bank is not alone in sending out conflicting signals about its intentions. Mr King's back and forth is merely the local British version of an intense debate around the world about the balance of risks in the global economy between inflation and recession.
The world's other important central banks have also been playing see-saw with financial market expectations. Two weeks ago, Jean-Claude Trichet, the Governor of the European Central Bank, signalled a change in the ECB's stance towards a more hawkish anti-inflation tone.
Ben Bernanke, the Chairman of the US Federal Reserve, after cutting interest rates by more than three percentage points in eight months, issued a strongly worded warning about inflation. The Bank of Canada failed to deliver an interest rate cut that investors had assumed was more or less promised.
The problem, of course, is that central bankers everywhere are having difficulty calibrating the precise strategy needed to deal with the unusual situation that they find themselves in. The duration and implications of the two shocks that have buffeted the global economy in the last year - the credit squeeze and the surge in global commodity prices, especially oil - remain uncertain. Their relative size and interplay is still unclear.
The simultaneity of rapidly rising oil and food prices and a sharp curtailment in financial support for businesses and consumers has inevitably given rise to talk of a return to 1970s stagflation. This is obviously overdone. Inflation in the 3-4 per cent range would have been nirvana back then; today it is seen as a disaster. But for monetary policy, with only one notoriously blunt instrument - interest rates - which can go either up or down, it represents a special challenge. Cut rates too far and you risk inflation accelerating. Push rates up and you risk a slump.
In the past couple of weeks the noise from central banks and markets suggests that the debate has tilted somewhat towards concerns about inflation. That's why investors have been pushing up market interest rates. But there's good reason to think that such a change might be premature.
First, the threat of a global recession has not gone away. The US has so far dodged the bullet, but it remains vulnerable.
Any number of factors could weaken demand in the next few months - the rebate cheques sent to most taxpayers in the past month are already mostly spent. Housing prices are still falling. There are renewed stresses in financial markets. The credit crunch is slowly spreading to new areas - car loans are the latest, credit cards are likely to be next.
And even though the US has got through the past six months without a quarter of declining economic activity, these numbers may not be telling an accurate story. If you look at monthly data, rather than quarterly, it seems that US economic output actually peaked in January - and has been declining since.
For all the fashionable talk among economists that the rest of the world has “decoupled” from America, there is little doubt that a prolonged period of weakness in the world's largest economy would be deeply damaging. The UK is especially vulnerable.
Despite yesterday's startling report of a surge in retail sales in May, consumers are still likely to feel the pinch from house price declines and the loss of spending power associated with higher oil prices.
Secondly, for all the talk of a return to the 1970s, inflation is not as bad as it looks. The headline figure - above 4 per cent in the US and the UK - is distorted by enormous increases in two main areas, energy and food.
But a rise in prices for any particular good as a result of some supply shock, does not necessarily mean a continuing rise in the inflation rate. As soon as oil and food prices eventually stop rising (they don't even have to fall) the rate of inflation will decline sharply.
The danger is that consumers expect inflation to keep rising - and this expectation becomes self-fulfilling as employees make increased wage demands. That's why the Bank and the Government are right to insist that pay deals be moderate - and below the current inflation rate - if prices are not to accelerate.
The likelihood is then that inflation will drop back sharply in 2009, under pressure from economic weakness and helped by an end to accelerating oil and food costs. That's the good news. The bad news is that the economy will have to stagnate somewhat and unemployment will have to rise to ensure that price and wage increases are kept to manageable levels.
Stagnation is not much fun. But it's better than stagflation.
Gerard Baker is United States Editor and an Assistant Editor of The Times. He joined in 2004 from the Financial Times, where he had spent over ten years as Tokyo correspondent and Washington Bureau Chief. His weekly oped column appears on Fridays
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i dont see any problems. John Terry is coming to the economy's rescue
Rupert Atatat, London,
Mr. Vinter is correct; inflation transfers wealth from lenders to borrowers over time. And who is the biggest debtor in the world?
Mr. Barker wonders which is the greater evil- inflation or recession. Neither are inherently evil, but rather the two sides of an increasingly sharpened knife blade
Mike , Madison County, IL, USA
General inflation is caused by the expansion of the money supply. This is caused by the bank of england being able to just print money at will to finance both government and bank borrowing. Not businessmen. I would suggest reading an economics book, Miss Dee. Preferably von Mises.
Richard, Middlesbrough, UK
Gerald, interested parties, first and worst the Government, bombard you with optimistic views; only when the chickens come home to roost are the warnings of doom-and-gloom merchants like myself heard.
We're deep in the mire; we have to admit it and focus, hard, on extricating ourselves.
Noel Falconer MEcon, COUIZA, France
Are economists really that stupid that they don't differentiate between spendthrift inflation and forced inflation? They seem to believe we pay more for fuel because we are wastrels. Or that inflationary pressures are up because we are loading up on the champagne. Response: rate rises. Misery. Bah.
Paul Francis, Brisbane, Australia
Mr King may be trying the old Ken Clarke and Eddie George technique of the 90s and talking about rate rises to reduce the need for real ones
A light hand after the years of Brown's clunking fist - with its fingers and no thumbs may be the steadiest on the tiller in these turbulent waters
edward green, upminster,
To Andrew of Cambridge: Sorry, it's you.
Higher UK rates will tend to increase the value of sterling and this will reduce the impact of rising world commodity prices.
I think we can assume Mervyn King has worked this out.,
John Bryant, London, UK
Laying the blame at the feet of government is comforting but misleading. What of the consumers who have bought everything from houses to bath towels on credit. They thought the world was their oyster. Now, perhaps, they'll realize that earning and spending are linked.
Jim Walton, Washington DC,
It would be nice if those were the choices- Recession or Inflation. The reason the US Fed has so desperately tried to prevent a recession, which is just a normal part of a normal business cycle, is that they know that what the collapse of the greatest credit bubble ever really portends is Depression
Lee Stockhamer, New York, USA
I came to the UK in 1986 to go to University and I can still remember some things; cost of beer, median wage, and median house price. All of these have gone up by 4 to 5 times since then, but the RPI has only gone up 1.7 times. I dont need to dive into the details of CPI/RPI to realise it is wrong
Harvey, London, UK
Your argument is discreditted by the simple fact we did not have CPI (that massaged statistic of economic lie for the benefit or political and economic control of the masses) back in the 70's.
Try assuming STAGFLATION with the same fomulae used to caculate inflation back then and now !
Joe, Geelong, VIC Australia
so Iran has the right to bombard the US, since various regimes have threatened to "bomb Iran back to the stone age"
T.Andre, London,
Is inflation good or bad? Well, are you lending or borrowing? Are you paying back good money you borrowed , with bad stuff through the years? And what did you spend the borrowed money on. 40 years ago you could buy a kruggerand for £50!
DAVID VINTER, Louth, Lincs,, UK.
Brilliant article which says it all. Might I add that was it not Harold Wilson in the 70's who said something like "one man's wage rise was another's job loss"....?.
william grierson, Kimpton, UK
My usual weekly food bill has gone from £50 to £62 = 24% rise. Petrol?
For 35 years I have worked out a years household bills, car tax, repairs etc in order to budget properly. Every year I have added 10% and every year it has been swallowed up.
This year will be a lot worse.
Gov't figures pah!
Jo, Devon, England
If the government wasn't around to take their hits for them- who would greedy and incompetent businessmen blame for their mistakes?
Miss Dee, tayside, UK
We have already had inflation at crazy levels - its just been in asset prices, e.g. housing. Wages have to ctach up with house prices or house prices have to fall. Which do you prefer?
Tim, London,
Are you saying inflation now is only 3 - 4%???
Don't make me laugh.
TrevorH, OXON, UK
Do we really think inflation is at 3-4%..? It's a measure that gets adjusted to suit the government- have you checked what you pay for things these days? Council tax, local parking, trains, petrol... many or the things that are going through the roof funnily enough are charges made by government..
phil, Headley, uk
If any business was run in the way the UK PLC is run, they would be under investigation for fraud, but i suppose when you make the rules its easy to do exactly as you please.....no one would be complaining if everyone was to benefit but now its starting to go wrong!!!"creative accounting"
C Kroustis, London,
If inflation is way above wage increases, people on average wages experience a real reduction in standard of living. This loss is likely to take years to recover. That is a large part of the reason for Brown's future demise.
KW, Bognor Regis, England
Is this piece entirely govermner propaganda?
The problems lie at the door of the goverment, despite their claims its everyones elses fault.
Paul, Andover,
Even with the (unrealistic) CPI at a 16-year high, the interest rate back in June 1992 was 9.8750% and was in double digits in the stagflated 1970s - there was even a 200 points increase at one stage. Am predicting history is going to repeat itself largely due to the failure to learn from history.
cww, Ipswich,
Andrew, it's you. Interest rates up means less money in the consumers' pockets which reduces demand which discourages prices rises.
Kevin, Tewkesbury, Glos
The Real pain i.e. inflation / wages as a % appears greater than the 70s. The statistics seemed more realistic as well.
R James, Redland, UK
I find it quite amazing that King suggests that rates may have to go up to curb inflation. Just how is that going to stop global oil and food price rises... it is not excess spending that is causing inflation (which is why rates are put up to reduce it)
Either me or Mr King is pretty dumb..
Andrew, Cambridge,
If you use 1970s metrics to calculate inflation, it is running at close to 10 percent. But expecting establishment boosters like Baker to point this out is rather optimistic.
Adam, London,
In the 1970s government inflation figures - like those on crime, education, and other subjects - were credible. Today they are systematically manipulated. No one believes inflation is 3%. Many luxuries are imported, hence cheap; while necessities like food, heating, transport and housing are dear.
Tom Welsh, Basingstoke,
scuse my ignorance, but how is infaltion calculated? I would have thought the 3 most important commodities would set the rate, as in fuel, food and energy prices? all of which in my eyes have risen slightly more than 3%. anyone?
samarius, Leeds,
Do not believe the official figures on inflation. They are massaged hopelessly. Objectively, the US inflation rate is 8+ percent used on the methodogy used elsewhere in the world. The official figures understate inflation and overstate growth since hat suits the Administration and Wall Street.
William Thomson, Koror, Palau
It seems to me that the only people who believe tthat 3%-4% represents the true inflation rate are the government (useful for setting public sector wage rises) and Times journalists - do they eat DVD players and run their cars on liquified cheap clothes from Primark by any chance
rick, sydney,
Gerald, you should at least have made the effort to look at changes in how inflation is calculated. If you strip out the methodological changes introduced to US CPI since the 1970s you'll find it is running MUCH higher than 4%!! Compare apples with apples!!!
Mike, BKK,
You forgot to add that it ought not to rain when we're on a picnic.
All this talk about what we ought to welcome is piffle. Stagflation is what's on the menu.
jon livesey, Sunnyvale, CA/USA